Personalized Pricing Based on Behavioral Signals: Revenue Uplift and Fairness Tradeoffs in E-Commerce

  IJCTT-book-cover
 
         
 
© 2025 by IJCTT Journal
Volume-73 Issue-4
Year of Publication : 2025
Authors : Anmol Aggarwal
DOI :  10.14445/22312803/IJCTT-V73I4P116

How to Cite?

Anmol Aggarwal, "Personalized Pricing Based on Behavioral Signals: Revenue Uplift and Fairness Tradeoffs in E-Commerce," International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology, vol. 73, no. 4, pp. 114-119, 2025. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.14445/22312803/IJCTT-V73I4P116

Abstract
Personalized pricing strategies increasingly rely on machine learning to tailor discounts based on user behavior. While these methods promise improved conversion and revenue, their fairness and targeting precision remain underexplored. In this study, we simulate two behavior-based pricing policies, one broad and one selective, using session-level e-commerce data and estimate their impact using uplift modeling techniques.We implement and compare the TwoModel (T-Learner) and Class Transformation frameworks to evaluate treatment effectiveness. Our results show that stricter treatment rules, though applied to fewer users, yield higher conversion uplift and revenue per treated session. However, they also exclude many high-opportunity users, raising fairness concerns.By integrating causal inference, pricing simulation, and behavioral fairness analysis, this paper highlights the tradeoffs between targeting precision, business value, and equitable incentive distribution. We propose uplift modeling as a robust foundation for building fair and profitable personalized pricing systems.

Keywords
Behavioral pricing, Conversion uplift, Machine learning, Personalized pricing, Revenue optimization.

Reference

[1] Gah-Yi Ban, and N. Bora Keskin, “Personalized Dynamic Pricing with Machine Learning: High-Dimensional Features and Heterogeneous Elasticity,” Management Science, vol. 67, no. 9, pp. 5549-5568, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[2] Daniel Baier, and Björn Stöcker, “Profit Uplift Modeling for Direct Marketing Campaigns: Approaches and Applications for Online Shops,” Journal of Business Economics, vol. 92, pp. 645-673, 2022.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[3] Raouya El Youbi, Fayçal Messaoudi, and Manal Loukili, “Machine Learning-Driven Dynamic Pricing Strategies in E-Commerce,” 14th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems, Irbid, Jordan, pp. 1-5, 2023.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[4] Pierre Gutierrez, and Jean-Yves Gérardy, “Causal Inference and Uplift Modelling: A Review of the Literature,” International Conference on Predictive Applications and APIs, vol. 67, pp. 1-13, 2017.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[5] Nathan Kallus, and Angela Zhou, “Fairness, Welfare, and Equity in Personalized Pricing,” Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Virtual Event Canada, pp. 296-314, 2021.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[6] Victor S.Y. Lo, and Dessislava A. Pachamanova, “From Predictive Uplift Modeling to Prescriptive Uplift Analytics: A Practical Approach to Treatment Optimization While Accounting for Estimation Risk,” Journal of Marketing Analytics, vol. 3, pp. 79-95, 2015.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[7] Anna Priester, Thomas Robbert, and Stefan Roth, “A Special Price Just for You: Effects of Personalized Dynamic Pricing on Consumer Fairness Perceptions,” Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, vol. 19, pp. 99-112, 2020.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[8] P. Skolov, Scikit-Uplift: A Python Package for Uplift Modeling, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/maks-sh/scikit-uplift
[9] F.J. Zuiderveen Borgesius, “Discrimination, Artificial Intelligence, and Algorithmic Decision-Making,” European Business Law Review, vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 821-838, 2020.
[Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[10] Brent Daniel Mittelstadt, and Luciano Floridi, The Ethics of Big Data: Current and Foreseeable Issues in Biomedical Contexts, The Ethics of Biomedical Big Data, Springer Cham, pp. 445-480, 2016.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[11] Piotr Rzepakowski, and Szymon Jaroszewicz, “Decision Trees for Uplift Modeling With Single and Multiple Treatments,” Knowledge and Information Systems, vol. 32, pp. 303-327, 2012.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]
[12] Pritom Das et al., “Optimizing Real-Time Dynamic Pricing Strategies in Retail and E-Commerce Using Machine Learning Models,” The American Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 163-177, 2024.
[CrossRef] [Google Scholar] [Publisher Link]